![]() The following signal phrase models will help. Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). Remember, repetition bores a reader, so make sure you vary your signal phrases. (Grewal, 2015)Īmerican Psychological Association. Some examples of appropriate past tense signal phrases are: (Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993) In subsequent citations, only use the first authors last name followed by 'et al.' in the signal phrase or in parentheses. In some cases, such as when paraphrasing information from several published results over an extended period of time ("From 2001 to today, the consensus has been that"), present perfect tense may be appropriate. A Work by Three to Five Authors: List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first time you cite the source. If it seems like a lot, check out these examples.The use of present tense in APA Style is often appropriate for first-person expressions of your own idea ("In this paper, I argue.") or phrases describing a current event, rather than introductions to paraphrased or quoted text. As per the American Psychological Association (2020), "the past tense is appropriate when expressing an action or a condition that occurred at a specific, definite time in the past, such as discussing another researcher's work" (p. List the page the information can be found on.APA recommends using a signal phrase more often to provide clarity. There are two ways to format this information: with a signal phrase and without a signal phrase. For MLA (as well as Chicago style), the same verbs can also be used in the present tense instead of the past tense, as the second section below shows. APA In-text citations APA in-text citations require three pieces of information: the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number. ![]()
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